a) $4x^3 (x+1) -x(x+1) = (x+1) [4x^3 -x]=x(x+1)(4x^2 -1) = x(x+1)(2x+1)(2x-1)$
d) $(xy+4)^2 -(2x+2y)^2 = (xy+4 +2x+2y)(xy+4-2x-2y)=(x+2)(y+2)(x-2)(y-2)$
b) $x^4 (x^2 -1) -9x^2 (x-1)=(x-1)[ x^4(x+1) -9x^2]=x^2(x-1)[x^2 (x+1)-9]$
c) $x^4−4x^3+8x^2−16x+16=(x-2)^2 (x^2+4)$