CHỨC NĂNG GIAO TIẾP - KỸ NĂNG ĐỌC

$1.$ __________ , but I started doing something else.
$A.$ I was about doing it        $B.$ I have been about doing it
$C.$ I was about to do it        $D.$ I have been about to do it

$2.$ The man who was driving the truck would not admit that he had been at fault, and__________
$A.$ neither the other driver             $B.$ neither would the other driver
$C.$ neither had the other driver    $D.$ the other driver neither

$3.$ As soon as__________ with an acid, salt, and sometimes water, is formed.
$A.$ a base will react        $B.$ a base is reacting
$C.$ a base react              $D.$ the reaction of a base

$4.$ He wore a false beard and dark glasses__________ recognized.
$A.$ so that he couldn't    $B.$ so as to be
$C.$ so as not to be         $D.$ in order to not be

$5.$ John Smith has not __________
$A.$ lived lonelinessly in times previous        $B.$ never before lived sole
$C.$ ever lived alone before                       $D.$ before lived without the company of his friends

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
        The miracle therapy of blood tranfusion was invented by an English doctor, James Blundell. In  $1818$, he performed the first tranfusion, on a patient said to be incurable. Using a syringe, he successfully injected blood taken from one of his students.In  $1829$, he saved a woman suffering from a severe hemorrhage. About  $1900$, Dr. Karl Landsteiner of Vienna found that some people's blood was not compatible with other's and that these blood variations could be classified into groups. When portable tranfusion apparatus was invented, direct transfusion between persons of the storage of the same blood type could be performed on the battlefield. In  $1914$, the discovery of anticoagulants made possible the storage of blood for future use.
       But to save lives, the right blood had to be in the right plave at the right time. The first blood service was established by the British Red Cross in  $1921$. During War World II, Red Cross blood banks saved countless human lives. Now the Red Cross engages in transfusion work in sixty-eight countries. It recruits donors, collects, stores, and distributes blood, determines blood groups, and prepares blood derivatives.

$1.$ In the first blood transfusion the donor was__________
$A.$ Dr. James Blundell    $B.$ a laboratory animal
$C.$ a student                     $D.$ a Red Cross volunteer

$2.$ The substance used in this transfusion was__________
$A.$ an anticoagulant    $B.$ whole blood
$C.$ blood serum           $D.$ blood plasma

$3.$ Blood could not be stored for emergency use untill
$A.1818$        $B.1914$     $C.1921$     $D.1900$

$4.$ The word "compatible" as used in first paragraph is closest in meaning to __________
$A.$ compatible    $B.$ possible    $C.$ well-matched        $D.$ well-prepared

$5.$ Portable transfusion apparatus was invented by ________
$A.$ Dr. James Blundell        $B.$ Dr Karl lansteiner
$C.$ the Red Cross               $D.$ a person not identified in the article

$6.$ This invention made it possible to ________
$A.$ give any type of blood to any person
$B.$ save lives right on the battlefield
$C.$ prepare blood derivatives
$D.$ store blood for emergencies

$7.$ Blood must be classified into groups because________
$A.$ some types will not mix                   $B.$ some people have blue blood
$C.$ disease attacks certain groups    $D.$ the donor's age makes a difference

$8.$ The first Red Cross blood bank was established in ________
$A.1829$                  $B.1900$               $C.1914$               $D.1921$

$9.$ The Red Cross's role in transfusion service in________
$A.$ storage and distribution           $B.$ laboratory testing
$C.$ recruiting of volunteers            $D.$ all of the above

$10.$ The word "It" in the last sentence refers to________
$A.$ The Red Cross               $B.$ The British Red Cross
$C.$ a blood bank                   $D.$ blood service

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$

Line  The time when humans crossed the Arctic land bridge from Siberia to Alaska seems remote to us today, but actually represents a late stage in prehistory of humans, an era when polished stone implements and bows and arrows were already being used  and dogs bad already been domesticated.
$5$    When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found woods and plains dominated by three types of American mammoths. Those elephants were distinguished from today's elephants mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge, upward-curving tusks. They had arrived on the continent hundreds of thousands of years before their human followers. The wooly mammoth in the North, the Columbian mammoth in middle North America, and the imperial mammoth of the South, together with their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land. Here, as in the Old World, there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants,
$10$   as shown by numerous spear points found with mammoth remains.
          Then, at the end of the Ice Age, when the last glaciers had retreated, there was a relatively sudden and widespread extinction of elephants. In the New World, both mammoths and mastodons disappeared. In the Old World, only Indian and African elephants survived.
$15$    Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear? Were humans connected with their extinction? Perhaps, but at the time, although they were   hunters, humans were still widely scattered and not very numerous. It is difficult to see how they could have prevailed over the mammoth to such an extent.

$1.$ With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?
$A.$ Migration from Siberia to Alaska.
$B.$ Techniques used to hunt mammoths.
$C.$ The prehistory of humans.
$D.$ The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World.

$2.$ The word "implements"  in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
$A.$ tools    $B.$ ornaments         $C.$ houses        $D.$ carvings

$3.$ The phrase "these early migrants"  in paragraph 2 refers to
$A.$ mammoths        $B.$ humans    $C.$ dogs    $D.$ mastodons

$4.$ Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?
$A.$ Alaska
$B.$ the central portion of North America
$C.$ the southern part of North America
$D.$ South America

$5.$ It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they
$A.$ had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia.
$B.$ had never seen mammoths before.
$C.$ brought mammoths with them from the Old World.
$D.$ soon learned to use dogs to hun mammoths.

$6.$ Which of the following could best substitute for the word "remain" in paragraph 2?
$A.$ bones    $B.$ frawings       $C.$ footprints            $D.$ spear points

$7.$ The passage support which of the following conclusions about mammoths?
$A.$ Humans hunted them to extinction.
$B.$ The freezing temperatures of the Ice Age destroyed their food supply.
$C.$ The cause of their extinction is not definitely known.
$D.$ Competition with mastodons caused them to becom extinct.

$8.$ The word "cunning"  in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
$A.$ clever    $B.$ determined           $C.$ efficient        $D.$ cautious

$9.$ Which of the following is NOT true about prehistoric humans at the time of the mammoths' extinction?
$A.$ They were relatively few in number.
$B.$ They knew how to use bows and arrows.
$C.$ They were concentrated in a small area.
$D.$ They were skilled hunters.

$10.$ Which of the following types of the elephants does the author discuss in the most detail in the passage?
$A.$ the mastodon                   $B.$ die mammoth
$C.$ the Indian elephant        $D.$ the African elephant

Mark the  letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the best sentence that is made with the words give
$1.$ but for/ televisions/ human being/ not/ widen/ knowledge/.
$A.$ But for televisions, human being are not able to widen their knowledge.
$B.$ But for televisions, human beings could not have widened their knowledge.
$C.$ But for televisions, human beings cannot widen their knowledge.
$D.$ But for televisions, human beings could not widen their knowledge.

$2.$ The ship/ ignore/ warning/ messages/ send/ hit/ iceberg/ sink/.
$A.$ The ship, which had ignored the warning messages sent to it, hit an iceberg and sank.
$B.$ The ship, that had ignored the warning messages sent to it, hit an iceberg and sank.
$C.$ The ship, which had ignored the warning messages that sent to it, hit an iceberg and sank.
$D.$ The ship, which had ignored the warning messages sending to it, hit an iceberg and sank.

$3.$ I/ wish/ refrigerator/ stop/ make/ horrible noise/./you/ can't/ hear/ anyone/ speak/.
$A.$ I wish my refrigerator had stop to make that horrible noise. You can't hear anyone speak.
$B.$ I wish my refrigerator had stop making that  horrible noise. You can't hear anyone speak.
$C.$ I wish my refrigerator would stop making that horrible noise. You can't hear anyone speak.
$D.$ I wish my refrigerator would stop to make that horrible noise. You can't hear anyone speak.

$4.$ say/ partially repair/ damage/ cause/ lack/ technical knowledge/.
$A.$ They say that they have partially repaired the damage which is caused by the lack of technical knowledge.
$B.$  They say that they have partially repaired the damage which caused by the lack of technical knowledge.
$C.$ They say that they have partially repaired the damage to be caused by the lack of technical knowledge.     
$D.$ They say that they have partially repaired the damage  caused by the lack of technical knowledge.
 
$5.$ supposes/ you/ be/ situation/ what/ do/?
$A.$ Supposes that you were in that situation, what should you do?
$B.$ Supposes that you had been in that situation, what would do?
$C.$ Supposing you had been in that situation, what would you have done?
$D.$ Supposing that you were in that situation, what would you have done?

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
Though harvesting ice is not a new concept, recently is has been considered in a way. Scienstists have been studying this idea of harvesting ice as a possible solution to the problem of the world's dwindling fresh water supply. Ninety percent of the earth's fresh water is in the icecap of Antarctica. if only  $10$  percent of that ice could be towed to civilization, it could provide water for  $500$  milion people. But the problem, of course, is one of melting. How can a giant iceberg be towed across the sea without melting? The answer could lie in enclosing the floating ice in iceberg be cylindrical container made of a high strength synthetic fabric. if the iceberg were nudge into the fabric container, which is opened at both ends, then the ends could be sealed and the sea water pumped out. After that it could be towed down and the synthetic cocoon would  act a holding tank for the water. Engineering this project, which might include a container up to one kilometer in length and  $100$  meters in diameter, would be a feat, but engineers say it is possible. After all, fishermen in North Australia sometimes use nets  $8$  kilometers long and  $10$  meters across.

$1.$ What is the main subject of this passage?
$A.$ The dwindling water supply on earth
$B.$ fresh water in the Antarctic
$C.$ A solution to fresh water needs
$D.$ The making of a synthetic cocoon

$2.$ The word "harvesting" as used in line I most likely refers to which of the following?
$A.$ cutting and gathering             $B.$ sorting and assembling
$C.$ producing and selling           $D.$ accumulating and storing

$3.$ of all the earth's water, the icecaps of Antarctica contain
$A.  10$  percent of the fresh water
$B.  10$  percent of the salt water
$C.  90$  percent of the fresh water
$D.  90$  percent of the salt water

$4.$ The word "dwindling"  in line 2 could be replaced by which of the following?
$A.$ developing        $B.$ insignificant        $C.$ inferior    $D.$ declining

$5.$ How does the author propose to transport the ice?
$A.$ by pulling it        $B.$ by chopping it
$C.$ by piping it        $D.$ by melting it

$6.$ According to the passage, the purpose of the fabric container is to________
$A.$ protect the ice
$B.$ diminish the speed of melting
$C.$ cause the ice to float
$D.$ pump out the sea water

$7.$ In line  $7$ the word "nudged"  is closest meaning to________
$A.$ imagined        $B.$ glued    $C.$ melted    $D.$ pushed

$8.$ As used in line  $9$, the word "cocoon"  refers to________
$A.$ protection against insects    $B.$ a tank in the boat
$C.$ dosagreeable                         $D.$ critical step

$9.$ The word "feat"  in line  $11$  is most similar in meaning to which of the following?
$A.$ expensive undertaking        $B.$ difficult task
$C.$ disagreeable                        $D.$ critical step

$10.$ The purpose of the last sentences is to________
$A.$ reinforce the feasibility of the project
$B.$ compare fishermen to engineers
$C.$ contrast iceberg containers and fishing nets
$D.$ define the size of the container

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
Line     The principle of use and disuse states that those parts of organisms'  bodies that are used grow larger. Those parts that are not tend to wither away. It is an observed fact that when you exercise particular muscles, they grow. Those that are never used diminish. By examining a man's body, we can  tell which muscle he uses and which he does not. We may even be able guess his profession or his recreation. Enthusiasts of the "body-building" cult make use of the principle of use and disuse to "buil" their bodies, almost like a piece of sculpture, into whatever unnatural shape is demanded by fashion in this peculiar minority culture. Muscles are not the only parts of the body that respond to use in this kind of way. Walk barefoot and you acquire harder skin on your soles. It is easy to tell a farmer from a bank teller by looking at their hands alone. The famer's hands are horny, hardened by long exposure to rough work. The teller's hands are relatively soft. The principle of you and disuse enables animals to come better at the job of surviving in their world, progressively better during their lifetime as a result of living in that world. Humans, through direct exposure to sunlight, or lack of it, develop a skin color which equips them better to survive in the particular local conditions. Too much sunlight is dangerous. Enthusiastic sunbathers with very fair skins are susceptible to skin cancer. Too little sunlight, on the other hand, leads to vitamin-D deficiency and rickets. The brown pigment melanin which is synthesized under the influence of sunlight, makes a screen to protect the underlying tissues from the harmful effects of futher sunlight. If a suntanned person moves to a less sunny climate, the melanin disappears, and the body is able to benefit what little sun there is. This can be represented as an instance of the priciple of use and disuse: skin goes brown when it is "used", and fades to white when it is not.

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
    A small but growing group of scholars, evolutionary psychologists, are beginning to sketch the contours of the human mind as designed by natural selection. Some of them even anticipate the coming of a field called "mismatch theory", which would study maladies resulting from contrasts between the modern environment and the "ancestral environment". The one we were designed for. There is no shortage of such maladies to study. Rates of depression have been doubling in some industrial countries roughly every  $10$ years. Suicide is the third most common cause of death among young adults, after car wrecks and homicides.
   Evolutionary psychology is a long way from explaining all this with precision, but it is already shedding enough light to challenge some conventional wisdom. It suggests,for example, that the nostalgia for the nuclear family of the  $1950$s is in some way misguined-that the model family of husband at work and wife at home is hardly a "natural" and the healthful living arrangement, especially for the wives. Moreover, the by gone lifestyles that do look fairly by commercialism. Perhaps the biggest surprise from evolutionary psychology is it depiction of the "animal" is us. Freud, and various thinkers since, saw "civilization" as an oppressive force that thwarts basic animal instincts and urges and transmutes them into psychopathology. However, evolutionary psychology suggests that a large threat to mental health may be the way civilization thwarts civility. There is a gentler, kinder side of human nature, and it seems increasingly to be a victim of repression in modern society.

$1.$ Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
$A.$ How evolutionary psychology manages modern society
$B.$ The problems of illness caused by modern society
$C.$ The importance of ancestral environment
$D.$ Evolutionary psychologists' views on the nuclear family.

$2.$ The word "contours" is closest in meaning to
$A.$ actions    $B.$ limits    $C.$ structures    $D.$ outlines

$3.$ According to the passage, the death of many young people in industrial countries is mainly caused by
$A.$ murder    $B.$ traffic accidents    $C.$ suicide    $D.$ depression

$4.$ The word "one" refers to the
$A.$ mismatch theory        $B.$ field
$C.$ modern environment        $D.$ ancestral environment

$5.$ It can be inferred from the passage that evolutionary psychologists dislike nostalgia for the  $1950$s  because
$A.$ it was an unhealthy time to live
$B.$ the nuclear family provides an unsatisfactory lifestyle
$C.$ women who wished to go out to work were misguided
$D.$ family life was seen to be unnatural

$6.$ The word "by gone" could be replaced by
$A.$ overlooked          $B.$ forgotten          $C.$ past          $D.$ original

$7.$ According to the passage, Freud and other psychologists thought civilization
$A.$ showed that people have animal instincts
$B.$ greatly improved people's lives
$C.$ encouraged people to use the basic instincts
$D.$ caused madness in some people

$8.$ In this passage, the world "civility" is closest in meaning to
$A.$ courtesy    $B.$ politeness          $C.$ morality          $D.$ formality

$9.$ In the passage, evolutionary psychologists suggest that in modern society
$A.$ victims are always punished
$B.$ people's better natures are denied
$C.$ repressed people are kind and gentle
$D.$ people suffer from repression

$10.$ Where in the passage does the author suggest a conflict between the way of living?
$A.$ line $1-4$          $B.$ line  $10-14$          $C.$ line  $16-18$          $D.$ line  $18-20$

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
      It's a sound you will probably never hear, a sickened tree sending out a distress signal. But a group of scientists has heard the cries, and they think some insects also hear the trees and are drawn to them like vulture to a dying animal. Researcher with the U.S Department of Agriculture's Forest Service fastened sensors to the bark of drought-stricken trees clearly heard distress calls. According to one of the scientists, most parched trees transmit their plight in the $50$-to  $50$-kilohezt6 range. (The unaided human ear can detect no more than  $20$  kilohezt). Red oak, maple, white pine, and birch all make slightly different sounds in the form of vibrations at the surface of the wood.
       The scientists think that the vibrations are created when the water columns inside tubes that run the length of the tree break, a result of too little water following through them. These fractured columns send out distinctive vibration patterns. Because some insects communicate at ultrasonic frequencies, they may pick up the trees' vibration and attack the weakened trees. Researchers are now running tests with potted trees that have been deprived of water to see if the sound is what attracts the insects. "Water-stressed trees also smell differently from other trees, and they experience thermal changes, so insects could be responding to something other than sound", one scientist said.

$1.$ Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
$A.$ the vibrations produced by insects
$B.$ the sound made by trees
$C.$ the mission of the U.S Forest Service
$D.$ the effect of insects on trees.

$2.$ The word them in line  $2$ refers to
$A.$ scientists          $B.$ trees          $C.$ vultures          $D.$ insects

$3.$ The word parched in line $5$ is closest in meaning to which of the following
$A.$ recovered          $B.$ burned          $C.$ damage          $D.$ dehydrated

$4.$ It can be inferred the passage that the sounds produced by the trees
$A.$ are the same no matter what type of tree produces them.
$B.$ cannot be heard by the unaided human ear.
$C.$ fall into the  $1-20$  kilohertz range.
$D.$ serve as a form of communication among trees.

$5.$ The word plight in the line  $5$ is closest in meaning to
$A.$ condition          $B.$ cry          $C.$ agony          need

$6.$ All the following are mentioned as possible factors in drawing insects to weakened trees EXCEPT
$A.$ thermal changes        $B.$ smells
$C.$ sounds            $D.$ changes in colours

$7.$ Which of the following could be considered "a cause of the trees" distress signals of trees.
$A.$ lack of water            $B.$ attacks by insects
$C.$ experiments by scientist        $D.$ torn root

$8.$ It can be inferred from the passage that research concerning the distress signals of trees
$A.$ is no longer sponsored by the government.
$B.$ has been unproductive up to now.
$C.$ was conducted many years ago.
$D.$ is continuting.

$9.$ The word fractured in line  $8$  is closest meaning to
$A.$ broken          $B.$ hollow          $C.$ long          $D.$ blocked

$10.$ In line  $9$, the phrase "pick up"  could best be replaced by which of the following?
$A.$ attack          $B.$ lift          $C.$ transmit          $D.$ perceive

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from  $1$ to  $10.$
Exam or continuous assesment?
    How do you feel when you  $(1)$________ an exam? Do you always $(2)$________ in getting all your ideas down on paper, or do you sometimes deel that you're $(3)$________ a mess of it? Apart from those lcuky dew who $(4)$________ through exams, most secondary school $(5)$________ find them very stressful. Many teachers are $(6)$________ of the problems their student face and use different method for measuring their progress: continuous assessment. With continuous assessment, student are given various $(7)$________ to do through the year. All their marks are added together to produce a total mark at the $(8)$________ of the year. Student have to $(9)$________ more responsibility for their education because they can't rely on doing well on just on day. Also they have more time to $(10)$________ over their work, meaning that they're able to do their best.
$1.A.$ write               $B.$ sit                    $C.$ give                 $D.$ make
$2.A.$ manage          $B.$ achieve           $C.$ succeed          $D.$ pass
$3.A.$ making          $B.$ having            $C.$ taking             $D.$ doing
$4.A.$ sail                 $B.$ go                   $C.$ move              $D.$ drive
$5.A.$ pupils          $B.$ classmate       $C.$ prefer             $D.$ colleagues
$6.A.$ knowledgeable          $B.$ recognisable          $C.$ aware          $D.$ intelligent
$7.A.$ effords          $B.$ tasks          $C.$ achievements          $D.$ result
$8.A.$ finish          $B.$ end          $C.$ edge          $D.$ stop
$9.A.$ get          $B.$ take          $C.$ do          $D.$ make
$10.A.$ imagine          $B.$ consider          $C.$ think          $D.$ examine

        Cooperation is the common endeavor of two more people to perform a task of reach a jointly cherished goad. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In this form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual's life. The rewards of the group's work are share with each number. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
     While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most member of the group fell loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are example of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the share work. The attitudes of the cooperation parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involve common means cease to aid achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

$1.$ What is the author's main purpose in the first paragraph of the passage?
$A.$ To urge readers to cooperate more often
$B.$ To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict
$C.$ To offer a brief definition of cooperation
$D.$ To show the importance of group organization and attitudes.

$2.$ The word "cherished" in line  $2$  is closest meaning to
$A.$ agreed on          $B.$ prized          $C.$ set up          $D.$ defined

$3.$ Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in passage?
$A.$ It was confined to prehistoric times.
$B.$ It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group individuals attempting to cooperate.
$C.$ It is an idea that can never be achieved.
$D.$ It is most commontly seen among people who have not yet develope reading and writing skills.

$4.$ The word "fuse" in line $4$  is closest in meaning to
$A.$ evolve          $B.$ unite          $C.$ explore          $D.$ react

$5.$ According to the passage, why do people join groups that practise secondary cooperation?
$A.$ To associate with people who have similar backgrounds.
$B.$ To get rewards themselves.
$C.$ To defeat a common enemy.
$D.$ To experience the satisfaction of cooperation.

$6.$ The word "fragile" in line  $16$  is closest in meaning to
$A.$ easily broken          $B.$ inefficient          $C.$ involuntary          $D.$ poorly planned

$7.$ Which of the following is an example of the third from of cooperation as it is defined in the________ paragraph?
$A.$ Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades.
$B.$ A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company.
$C.$ Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party.
$D.$ Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow.

$8.$ As used throughout the passage, the term common is closest in meaning to which of the following?
$A.$ Popular          $B.$ Shared          $C.$ Vulgar          $D.$ Ordinary

$9.$ Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
$A.$ Latent conflict                    $B.$ Accommodation
$C.$ Tertiary copperation          $D.$ Antagonistic cooperation

$10.$ Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?
$A.$ The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms.
$B.$ The author compares and contrats two types of human relation.
$C.$ The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic.
$D.$ The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion.

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
     Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best way to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets cam take, they are all similar in their essential aspects.
     Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
    Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
     A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"

$1.$ What does the passage mainly discuss?
$A.$ A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
$B.$ A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions.
$C.$ Research on how people make decisions.
$D.$ Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.

$2.$ The word "essential"  in paragraph  $1$  is closest in meaning to________
$A.$ introductory          $B.$ changeable          $C.$ beneficial          $D.$ fundamental

$3.$ Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
$A.$ Listing the consequences of each solution.
$B.$ Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.
$C.$ Deciding which consequences are most important.
$D.$ Writing down all possible solutions.

$4.$ According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
$A.$ has the fewest variables to consider
$B.$ uses the most decision worksheet
$C.$ has the most points assigned to it
$D.$ is agreed to by the greatest number of people

$5.$ The author organizes paragraph  $2$  by________
$A.$ describing a process                    $B.$ classifying types of worksheets
$C.$ providing historical background      $D.$ explaining a theory

$6.$ The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once" (paragrap  $3$) to explain that________
$A.$ most decisions involve seven steps.
$B.$ human mental capacity has limitations.
$C.$ some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions.
$D.$ people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

$7.$ The word "succinct" in paragraph  $4$  is closest in meaning to________
$A.$ creative          $B.$ satisfactory          $C.$ personal          $D.$ concise

$8.$ Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
$A.$ Proponents (para.  $1$)                    $B.$ Optimal  (para.  $1$)
$C.$ Variables  (para.  $3$)                      $D.$ Long-range goals (para.  $4$)

$9.$ The word "it"  in paragraph  $4$  refers to________
$A.$ worksheet          $B.$ problem          $C.$ distinction          $D.$ decision

$10.$ The word "revise"  in paragraph  $4$  is closest meaning to________
$A.$ ask          $B.$ explain          $C.$ change          $D.$ predict