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        Cooperation is the common endeavor of two more people to perform a task of reach a jointly cherished goad. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes. In this form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual's life. The rewards of the group's work are share with each number. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
     While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most member of the group fell loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are example of secondary cooperation. In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the share work. The attitudes of the cooperation parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involve common means cease to aid achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

$1.$ What is the author's main purpose in the first paragraph of the passage?
$A.$ To urge readers to cooperate more often
$B.$ To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict
$C.$ To offer a brief definition of cooperation
$D.$ To show the importance of group organization and attitudes.

$2.$ The word "cherished" in line  $2$  is closest meaning to
$A.$ agreed on          $B.$ prized          $C.$ set up          $D.$ defined

$3.$ Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in passage?
$A.$ It was confined to prehistoric times.
$B.$ It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group individuals attempting to cooperate.
$C.$ It is an idea that can never be achieved.
$D.$ It is most commontly seen among people who have not yet develope reading and writing skills.

$4.$ The word "fuse" in line $4$  is closest in meaning to
$A.$ evolve          $B.$ unite          $C.$ explore          $D.$ react

$5.$ According to the passage, why do people join groups that practise secondary cooperation?
$A.$ To associate with people who have similar backgrounds.
$B.$ To get rewards themselves.
$C.$ To defeat a common enemy.
$D.$ To experience the satisfaction of cooperation.

$6.$ The word "fragile" in line  $16$  is closest in meaning to
$A.$ easily broken          $B.$ inefficient          $C.$ involuntary          $D.$ poorly planned

$7.$ Which of the following is an example of the third from of cooperation as it is defined in the________ paragraph?
$A.$ Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades.
$B.$ A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company.
$C.$ Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party.
$D.$ Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow.

$8.$ As used throughout the passage, the term common is closest in meaning to which of the following?
$A.$ Popular          $B.$ Shared          $C.$ Vulgar          $D.$ Ordinary

$9.$ Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
$A.$ Latent conflict                    $B.$ Accommodation
$C.$ Tertiary copperation          $D.$ Antagonistic cooperation

$10.$ Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?
$A.$ The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms.
$B.$ The author compares and contrats two types of human relation.
$C.$ The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic.
$D.$ The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion.

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
      It's a sound you will probably never hear, a sickened tree sending out a distress signal. But a group of scientists has heard the cries, and they think some insects also hear the trees and are drawn to them like vulture to a dying animal. Researcher with the U.S Department of Agriculture's Forest Service fastened sensors to the bark of drought-stricken trees clearly heard distress calls. According to one of the scientists, most parched trees transmit their plight in the $50$-to  $50$-kilohezt6 range. (The unaided human ear can detect no more than  $20$  kilohezt). Red oak, maple, white pine, and birch all make slightly different sounds in the form of vibrations at the surface of the wood.
       The scientists think that the vibrations are created when the water columns inside tubes that run the length of the tree break, a result of too little water following through them. These fractured columns send out distinctive vibration patterns. Because some insects communicate at ultrasonic frequencies, they may pick up the trees' vibration and attack the weakened trees. Researchers are now running tests with potted trees that have been deprived of water to see if the sound is what attracts the insects. "Water-stressed trees also smell differently from other trees, and they experience thermal changes, so insects could be responding to something other than sound", one scientist said.

$1.$ Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
$A.$ the vibrations produced by insects
$B.$ the sound made by trees
$C.$ the mission of the U.S Forest Service
$D.$ the effect of insects on trees.

$2.$ The word them in line  $2$ refers to
$A.$ scientists          $B.$ trees          $C.$ vultures          $D.$ insects

$3.$ The word parched in line $5$ is closest in meaning to which of the following
$A.$ recovered          $B.$ burned          $C.$ damage          $D.$ dehydrated

$4.$ It can be inferred the passage that the sounds produced by the trees
$A.$ are the same no matter what type of tree produces them.
$B.$ cannot be heard by the unaided human ear.
$C.$ fall into the  $1-20$  kilohertz range.
$D.$ serve as a form of communication among trees.

$5.$ The word plight in the line  $5$ is closest in meaning to
$A.$ condition          $B.$ cry          $C.$ agony          need

$6.$ All the following are mentioned as possible factors in drawing insects to weakened trees EXCEPT
$A.$ thermal changes        $B.$ smells
$C.$ sounds            $D.$ changes in colours

$7.$ Which of the following could be considered "a cause of the trees" distress signals of trees.
$A.$ lack of water            $B.$ attacks by insects
$C.$ experiments by scientist        $D.$ torn root

$8.$ It can be inferred from the passage that research concerning the distress signals of trees
$A.$ is no longer sponsored by the government.
$B.$ has been unproductive up to now.
$C.$ was conducted many years ago.
$D.$ is continuting.

$9.$ The word fractured in line  $8$  is closest meaning to
$A.$ broken          $B.$ hollow          $C.$ long          $D.$ blocked

$10.$ In line  $9$, the phrase "pick up"  could best be replaced by which of the following?
$A.$ attack          $B.$ lift          $C.$ transmit          $D.$ perceive

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
Line     The principle of use and disuse states that those parts of organisms'  bodies that are used grow larger. Those parts that are not tend to wither away. It is an observed fact that when you exercise particular muscles, they grow. Those that are never used diminish. By examining a man's body, we can  tell which muscle he uses and which he does not. We may even be able guess his profession or his recreation. Enthusiasts of the "body-building" cult make use of the principle of use and disuse to "buil" their bodies, almost like a piece of sculpture, into whatever unnatural shape is demanded by fashion in this peculiar minority culture. Muscles are not the only parts of the body that respond to use in this kind of way. Walk barefoot and you acquire harder skin on your soles. It is easy to tell a farmer from a bank teller by looking at their hands alone. The famer's hands are horny, hardened by long exposure to rough work. The teller's hands are relatively soft. The principle of you and disuse enables animals to come better at the job of surviving in their world, progressively better during their lifetime as a result of living in that world. Humans, through direct exposure to sunlight, or lack of it, develop a skin color which equips them better to survive in the particular local conditions. Too much sunlight is dangerous. Enthusiastic sunbathers with very fair skins are susceptible to skin cancer. Too little sunlight, on the other hand, leads to vitamin-D deficiency and rickets. The brown pigment melanin which is synthesized under the influence of sunlight, makes a screen to protect the underlying tissues from the harmful effects of futher sunlight. If a suntanned person moves to a less sunny climate, the melanin disappears, and the body is able to benefit what little sun there is. This can be represented as an instance of the priciple of use and disuse: skin goes brown when it is "used", and fades to white when it is not.

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
Line    Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in  $1810$ a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in
$5$    $1850's$  an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during  $1860's$, but supplies remained low because cans had to made by hand. By  $1880$, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.
$10$   Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enable growrs and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the  $1890's$, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes,
$15$   previous available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enable families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the  $1870's$, and by  $1900$  the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the  $1920's$  and  $1930's$.
$20$  Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continuted to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
Though harvesting ice is not a new concept, recently is has been considered in a way. Scienstists have been studying this idea of harvesting ice as a possible solution to the problem of the world's dwindling fresh water supply. Ninety percent of the earth's fresh water is in the icecap of Antarctica. if only  $10$  percent of that ice could be towed to civilization, it could provide water for  $500$  milion people. But the problem, of course, is one of melting. How can a giant iceberg be towed across the sea without melting? The answer could lie in enclosing the floating ice in iceberg be cylindrical container made of a high strength synthetic fabric. if the iceberg were nudge into the fabric container, which is opened at both ends, then the ends could be sealed and the sea water pumped out. After that it could be towed down and the synthetic cocoon would  act a holding tank for the water. Engineering this project, which might include a container up to one kilometer in length and  $100$  meters in diameter, would be a feat, but engineers say it is possible. After all, fishermen in North Australia sometimes use nets  $8$  kilometers long and  $10$  meters across.

$1.$ What is the main subject of this passage?
$A.$ The dwindling water supply on earth
$B.$ fresh water in the Antarctic
$C.$ A solution to fresh water needs
$D.$ The making of a synthetic cocoon

$2.$ The word "harvesting" as used in line I most likely refers to which of the following?
$A.$ cutting and gathering             $B.$ sorting and assembling
$C.$ producing and selling           $D.$ accumulating and storing

$3.$ of all the earth's water, the icecaps of Antarctica contain
$A.  10$  percent of the fresh water
$B.  10$  percent of the salt water
$C.  90$  percent of the fresh water
$D.  90$  percent of the salt water

$4.$ The word "dwindling"  in line 2 could be replaced by which of the following?
$A.$ developing        $B.$ insignificant        $C.$ inferior    $D.$ declining

$5.$ How does the author propose to transport the ice?
$A.$ by pulling it        $B.$ by chopping it
$C.$ by piping it        $D.$ by melting it

$6.$ According to the passage, the purpose of the fabric container is to________
$A.$ protect the ice
$B.$ diminish the speed of melting
$C.$ cause the ice to float
$D.$ pump out the sea water

$7.$ In line  $7$ the word "nudged"  is closest meaning to________
$A.$ imagined        $B.$ glued    $C.$ melted    $D.$ pushed

$8.$ As used in line  $9$, the word "cocoon"  refers to________
$A.$ protection against insects    $B.$ a tank in the boat
$C.$ dosagreeable                         $D.$ critical step

$9.$ The word "feat"  in line  $11$  is most similar in meaning to which of the following?
$A.$ expensive undertaking        $B.$ difficult task
$C.$ disagreeable                        $D.$ critical step

$10.$ The purpose of the last sentences is to________
$A.$ reinforce the feasibility of the project
$B.$ compare fishermen to engineers
$C.$ contrast iceberg containers and fishing nets
$D.$ define the size of the container

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
      How a man uses money - makes it, saves it, and spends it - is perhaps one of the best tests of practical wisdom. Although money ought by no means to be regarded as a  chief end of man's life, neither is it a trifling matter, to be held in philosophic contempt, representing as it does to so large an extent, the means of physical comfort and social well-being. Indeed, some of the finest qualities of human nature are intimately related to the right use of money; such as generosity, honesty, justice, and self - sacrifice; as well as the practical virtues of economy and providence. On the other hand, there are their counterparts of avarice, fraud, injustice, and selfishness, as displayed by the inordinate lovers of gain; and abuse the means entrusted to them. "So that", as it wisely observed by Henry Taylor in his thoughtful "Notes from Life", "a right measure and manner in getting, saving, spending, giving, taking, lending, borrowing, and bequeathing, would almost argue a perfect man".
       Comfort in worldly circumstances is a condition which every man is justified in striving to attain by all worthy means. It secures that physical satisfaction, which is necessary for the culture of the better part of his nature; and enables him to provide for those of his own household. Nor ought the duty to be any the less indifferent to us, that the respect which our fellow men entertain for us in no slight degree depends upon the manner in which we exercise the opportunities which present themselves for our honorable advancement in life. The very effort required to be made to succeed in life with this object, is of itself an education; stimulating a man's sense of self-respect, bringing out his practical quailities, and disciplining him in the exercise of patience, perseverance, and such like virues. The provident and careful man must necessarily be a thoughtful man, for he lives mot merely for the present, but with provident forecast makes arrangements for the future. He must also be a temperate man, and exercise the virtues of self-denial, than which nothing is so much caculated to give strength to the character. John Sterling says truly, that "the worst education which teaches self denial is better than the best which traches everything else, and not that." The Romans rightly employed the same word (virtus) to desighnate courage, whch is in a physical sense what the other is in moral; the highest wirtue of all being victory over ourselves.
 
$1.$ What is the main idea of his passage?
$A.$ Wealthy people and poor people can both be virtuous
$B.$ Money is insignificant
$C.$ Money is the most important thing in the world
$D.$ The way a person handles money indicates his or her general character

$2.$ The author's purpose in writing this essay is________
$A.$ to teach people how to earn a great deal of money
$B.$ to warn readers about the dangers of greed
$C.$ to describe the life of a wealthy person
$D.$ to convince the reader that proper money management is a sign of good character

$3.$ Which is the best synonym for the word providence?
$A.$ prudence                   $B.$ fate        $C.$ sustenance        $D.$ doom

$4.$ What would be the author's response to those who say that poverty is noble
$A.$ The author would agree with this statement
$B.$ In order to cultivate other virtues a person must have money
$C.$ Once a person gets rich, they can start worrying about self-discipline
$D.$ The Romans believed that poor people are evil

$5.$ Which word best describes the author's attitude to Henry Taylor?
$A.$ admiring    $B.$ condescending    $C.$ skeptical    $D.$ disgusted

$6.$ What does the author imply by saying that money provides "physical satisfaction, which is necessary for the culvivation of the better part of his nature"?
$A.$ people are friendlier after they have had a hot bath
$B.$ In order to improve oneself in more lofty ways, one must attain the basic necessities.
$C.$ The most important thing in life is physical pleasure
$D.$ Money can only provide physical pleasure

$7.$ What does the author mean by the comment "The very effort required to be made to succeed in life with this object, is of itself an education"?
$A.$ In order to earn money a person needs to go to college
$B.$ Money makes people seem smarter than they are
$C.$ That learing to manage money effectively entails learning a number of other valuable skills
$D.$ Only intelligent people can earn money

$8.$ Why must the "provident and careful man" be a thoughtful man?
$A.$ Because he has earned a great deal of money
$B.$ Because he is familiar with the works of Henry Taylor
$C.$ Because he gives most of his money to charity
$D.$ Because he must always be planning for the future

$9.$ The author brings up the Roman word for courage to illustrate________
$A.$ his knowledge of the classics
$B.$ that people throughout history have valued money
$C.$ that self-discipline is less important than physical bravery
$D.$ that self-discipline is similar to physical bravery.

$10.$ What is the definition of the word temperate as it is used in this essay?
$A.$ moderate    $B.$ irritated    $C.$ self-denying        $D.$ warm

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to  each of the questions from  $1$ to  $10.$
        The miracle therapy of blood tranfusion was invented by an English doctor, James Blundell. In  $1818$, he performed the first tranfusion, on a patient said to be incurable. Using a syringe, he successfully injected blood taken from one of his students.In  $1829$, he saved a woman suffering from a severe hemorrhage. About  $1900$, Dr. Karl Landsteiner of Vienna found that some people's blood was not compatible with other's and that these blood variations could be classified into groups. When portable tranfusion apparatus was invented, direct transfusion between persons of the storage of the same blood type could be performed on the battlefield. In  $1914$, the discovery of anticoagulants made possible the storage of blood for future use.
       But to save lives, the right blood had to be in the right plave at the right time. The first blood service was established by the British Red Cross in  $1921$. During War World II, Red Cross blood banks saved countless human lives. Now the Red Cross engages in transfusion work in sixty-eight countries. It recruits donors, collects, stores, and distributes blood, determines blood groups, and prepares blood derivatives.

$1.$ In the first blood transfusion the donor was__________
$A.$ Dr. James Blundell    $B.$ a laboratory animal
$C.$ a student                     $D.$ a Red Cross volunteer

$2.$ The substance used in this transfusion was__________
$A.$ an anticoagulant    $B.$ whole blood
$C.$ blood serum           $D.$ blood plasma

$3.$ Blood could not be stored for emergency use untill
$A.1818$        $B.1914$     $C.1921$     $D.1900$

$4.$ The word "compatible" as used in first paragraph is closest in meaning to __________
$A.$ compatible    $B.$ possible    $C.$ well-matched        $D.$ well-prepared

$5.$ Portable transfusion apparatus was invented by ________
$A.$ Dr. James Blundell        $B.$ Dr Karl lansteiner
$C.$ the Red Cross               $D.$ a person not identified in the article

$6.$ This invention made it possible to ________
$A.$ give any type of blood to any person
$B.$ save lives right on the battlefield
$C.$ prepare blood derivatives
$D.$ store blood for emergencies

$7.$ Blood must be classified into groups because________
$A.$ some types will not mix                   $B.$ some people have blue blood
$C.$ disease attacks certain groups    $D.$ the donor's age makes a difference

$8.$ The first Red Cross blood bank was established in ________
$A.1829$                  $B.1900$               $C.1914$               $D.1921$

$9.$ The Red Cross's role in transfusion service in________
$A.$ storage and distribution           $B.$ laboratory testing
$C.$ recruiting of volunteers            $D.$ all of the above

$10.$ The word "It" in the last sentence refers to________
$A.$ The Red Cross               $B.$ The British Red Cross
$C.$ a blood bank                   $D.$ blood service

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A, B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from  $1$ to  $10.$
    Research has shown that over half the children in Britian who take their own lunch to school do not eat $(1)$__________ in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to $(2)$__________ meals at lunchtime. Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.
   One shocking $(3)$__________ of this research in that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict $(4)$__________ for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one  $(5)$__________ -fruit and one of the vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like break or pasta. Lunchboxes  $(6)$__________ by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime.
    The research will provide a better $(7)$__________ of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot $(8)$__________ parents, but it can remind them of the $(9)$__________ value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can  $(10)$__________ their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits at this age, and parents are the only one who can prevent it.
$1.A.$ appropriately                 $B.$ properly                 $C.$ probably                 $D.$ possibly
$2.A.$ give                                 $B.$ provide                 $C.$ make                        $D.$ do
$3.A.$ finding                            $B.$ provide                 $C.$ figure                        $D.$ factor
$4.A.$ standards                      $B.$ procedures         $C.$ conditions                   $D.$ ways
$5.A.$ piece                               $B.$ portion                 $C.$ bowl                           $D.$ kilo
$6.A.$ examined                       $B.$ found                   $C.$ taken                          $D.$ investigated
$7.A.$ view                                $B.$ knowledge          $C.$ understanding          $D.$ opinion
$8.A.$ criticize                           $B.$ instruct                 $C.$ order                         $D.$ tell
$9.A.$ nutritional                      $B.$ healthy                 $C.$ positive                     $D.$ good
$10.A.$ damage                       $B.$ predict                 $C.$ destroy                      $D.$ affect

      Carefully conducted $(1)$________  that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal $(2)$________  is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Wherther we like it or not, there are a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford to see it lost. Then there many who must work out of pure economic $(3)$________ .Many mothers are not  $(4)$________  out to be full-time parents.
      After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated.
     There are a number of options when it $(5)$________  to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies throung to Granny or the kind lady $(6)$________ the street. $(7)$________ , however, many parents dont'n have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to  protest wildly if they are left. This is a $(8)$________  normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that they start to get crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in the first wwek you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in.
      All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers.
      Remember that if you want to  $(9)$________ the best for your children, it's not the quantity of time you spend with them, it's the $(10)$________ that matters.

       Even a muddy pond contributes to the ecosystem that affects the environment. A vernal or springtime pool is only a few deep and lasts only from March until mid-summer but yields a considerable number of diverse life forms. Like all of nature, there are predators and victims, and a particular living being may be one or the other, depending on its age and characteristics. One may  find masses of spotted salamander eggs floating just under surface of the pond, left behind by adults who entered the pond early in the season before predators arrived. Other amphibians and reptiles return to the recurrent pond year after year to reproduce, as their ancestors have done for years.
         Various forms of algae grow well in the murky water if there is sufficient sunlight. They in turn produce and transit owygen to the salamander embryos and other young that are not yet able to survive outside of water. Diving beetles feast on eggs and larvae deposited in the pond by the salamanders and other amphibians that have called it home. Tadpoles are born in the late spring and feed on the algae. The pond also invites wood frogs staking their territory and courting potential mates, calling as loud as quacking ducks.
By the end of the short season, the pond dries to spongy mud and then dries further, becomingcovered with leaves and debris, until the following spring when the process repeats itself.

$1.$ What is the author's purpose stated in the first sentence: Even a muddy pond contributes to the ecosystem that affects the environment?
$A.$ To explain that a vernal pool is very muddy.
$B.$ To describe how the vernal pool fits into the larger environment picture.
$C.$ To explain that mud is important to the environment.
$D.$ To show how algae grows.

$2.$ The word yields in the third sentence means most nearly the same as
$A.$ produces       $B.$ contributes to       $C.$ kills       $D.$ harms

$3.$ The word diverse in the third sentence means most nearly the same as
$A.$ distinct       $B.$ living       $C.$ numerous       $D.$ primitive

$4.$ The word its in the fifth sentence refers to
$A.$ predator       $B.$ pond       $C.$ living being       $D.$ nature

$5.$ Which sentence in the first paragraph indicates that a young life form might be prey to an older life form?
$A.$ A vernal or springtime pool is only a few deep and lasts only from March until mid-summer but yields a considerable number of diverse life forms.
$B.$ Like all of nature, there are predators and victims, and a particular living being may be one or the other, depending on its age and characteristic.
$C.$ One may find masses of spotted salamander eggs floating just under the surface of the pond, left behind by adults who entered the pond early in the season before predators arrived.
$D.$ Other amphibians and reptiles return to the recurrent pond year after year to reproduce, as their ancestors have done for years.

$6.$ Which sentence in the first paragraph indicates that life forms continute to act in the same way as the same life forms did previously?
$A.$ A vernal or springtime pool is only a few deep and lasts only from March until mid-summer but yields a considerable number of diverse life forms.
$B.$ Like all of nature, there are predators and victims, and a particular living being may be one or the other, depending on its age and characteristic.
$C.$ One may find masses of spotted salamander eggs floating just under the surface of the pond, left behind by adults who entered the pond early in the season before predators arrived.
$D.$ Other amphibians and reptiles return to the recurrent pond year after year to reproduce, as their ancestors have done for years.

$7.$ The word murky in the first sentence of the second paragraph means most nearly the same as
$A.$ clearly       $B.$ cloudy       $C.$ cold       $D.$ life-producing

$8.$ The word they in the second sentence of paragraph two refers to
$A.$ salamander embryos.        $C.$ forms of algae.
$B.$ young            $D.$ sunlight

$9.$ Which of the following does the author imply in the first two sentence of paragraph two?
$A.$ The life forms in the pool live in water their entire lives.
$B.$ Some of the life forms live in water first and later on land.
$C.$ The life forms found in the pool do not require oxygen to live.
$D.$ Algae is strictly a food source.

$10.$ The word recurrent in the last sentence of paragraph one means most nearly the same as
$A.$ moving       $B.$ recurring       $C.$ stagnant       $D.$ warm

Read the following passage and mark the letter  $A,  B,  C$  or  $D$  on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from  $1$  to  $10$.
       Scientist have discovered the bones of what may be the largest meat-eating dinosaur ever to walk the earth. The discovery was made by a team of researchers from Argentina and North America in Patagonia, a desert on the eastern slopes of the Andes in South America. Besides the interesting fact that the dinosaur was huge and horrifying, it is even more astounding that the bones of a number of the dinosaurs were found together. This discovery challenges the prior theory that the biggest meat-eaters lived as loners and instead indicates that they may have lived and hunted in packs. The Tyrannosaurus Rex lived in North America and was believed to hunt and live alone.
       The newly discovered meat-eater appears to be related to the Giganotosaurus family, being as closely related to it as a fox would be to a dog. It is actually not of the same family at all the Tyrannosaurus Rex, being as diffirent from it as a cat is from a dog.
       The fossilized remains indicate that the animals lived about  $100$  million years ago. With needle-shaped noses and razor sharp teeth, they were larger than the Tyrannosaurus Rex, although their legs were slightly shorter, and their jaws were designed to be better able to dissect their prey quickly and precisely.

$1.$ The author states that the newly discovered dinosaur remains are evidence that it was the largest.
$A.$ dinosaur ever.    $C.$ herbivorous dinosaur.
$B.$ carnivorous dinosaur.    $D.$ South American dinosaur.

$2.$ The word Besides in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
$A.$ in spite of.       $B.$ in addition to        $C.$ although       $D.$ mostly.

$3.$ The word horrifying in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
$A.$ frightening       $B.$ large       $C.$ fast       $D.$ interesting

$4.$ The word astounding in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
$A.$ terrifying.       $B.$ pleasing.       $C.$ displeasing.       $D.$ surprising.

$5.$ The author implies that the most interesting fact about the find is that this dinosaur
$A.$ lived and hunted with others.        $C.$ was found in the Andes.
$B.$ had a powerful jaw and sharp teeth.    $D.$ was larger than Tyrannosaurus Rex.

$6.$ The passage indicates that prior to this discovery scientists believe that
$A.$ Meat-eating dinosaurs lived alone.
$B.$ there were no meat-eating dinosaurs in the Andes.
$C.$ Tyrannosaurus Rex lived in the Andes.
$D.$ meat-eating dinosaurs were small in stature.

$7.$ The word it in the second paragraph refers to
$A.$ newly discovered meat-eater.
$B.$ relationship.
$C.$ Giganotosaurus.
$D.$ dog.

$8.$ The author states that the newly discovered meat- eating dinosaur is
$A.$ closely related to Tyrannosaurus Rex.
$B.$ not closely related to Tyrannosaurus Rex.
$C.$ not closely related to Giganotosaurus.
$D.$ closely related to the large car family.

$9.$ The word dissect in the last sentence is closest in meaning to
$A.$ dismember       $B.$ swallow.       $C.$ chew       $D.$ escape.

$10.$ The word prey in the last sentence of the passage is closest in meaning to
$A.$ victim       $B.$ enemy       $C.$ dinosaurs       $D.$ attacker

       Of course, books are no longer the only  $(6).........$ of stories and information. There is also a huge range of videos, which can  $(7)...........$ and extend the pleasure a child finds in a book are  $(8).........$ valuable in helping to increase vocabulary and concentration. Television gets a bad  $(9).........$ as far as children are concerned, mainly  $(10)..........$ too many spend too much time watching programmers not intended for their age group.
$1. A.$  insisting   $B.$ forcing    $C.$  making    $D.$  starting
$2. A.$  cheerful    $B.$  contented    $C.$  relaxed         $D.$  hopeful
$3. A.$  bright     $B.$  thrilling    $C.$  energetic    $D.$  stimulating
$4. A.$  material    $B.$  sense    $C.$  produce    $D.$  amusement
$5. A.$  provoke    $B.$  encourage    $C.$  provide    $D.$  attract
$6. A.$  source     $B.$ site        $C.$  style    $D.$  basis
$7. A.$  uphold    $B.$  found    $C.$  reinforce    $D.$  assist
$8. A.$  properly    $B.$  worthily    $C.$  perfectly    $D.$  equally
$9. A.$  review    $B.$  press     $C.$  criticism    $D.$  result
$10. A.$  because    $B.$  because of    $C.$  due to    $D.$  so that