CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT - DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT (Reported)
I- Vài điểm cần nhớ về câu tường thuật
Khi đổi sang câu tường thuật, cần đổi 3 yếu tố là ngôi, thì của động từ và trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn.
1. Ngôi (nhất - chủ, nhị - túc, tam - nguyên).
- Đổi ngôi thứ nhất phù hợp với chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề chính.
Ex: She said "I like my dog"
$\rightarrow $ She said he liked her dog.
- Ngôi thứ 2 $\rightarrow $ cùng ngôi với tân ngữ mệnh đề chính.
Ex: He told me "you are my close friend"
$\rightarrow $ He told that I was his close friend.
- Ngôi thứ 3 $\rightarrow $ giữ nguyên.
Ex: He said "the pupils have just taken the exam"
$\rightarrow $ He said (that) the pupils had just taken the exam.
2. Đổi thì của động từ: lùi về quá khứ 1 thì.
V $\rightarrow $ V-ed
V-ed $\rightarrow $ had + $V_{p_2}$
can $\rightarrow $ could
will $\rightarrow $ would
shall $\rightarrow $ should
may $\rightarrow $ might
must $\rightarrow $ had to.
*Note: Nếu nói về sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lí $\rightarrow $ động từ hiện tại đơn.
3. Đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn (gần $\rightarrow $ xa)
this $\rightarrow $ that the day before yesterday $\rightarrow $ two days before
these $\rightarrow $ those tomorrow $\rightarrow \begin{cases}the next day \\ the following day \end{cases}$
here $\rightarrow $ there
now $\rightarrow $ then /at that time next week $\rightarrow \begin{cases}the next week \\ the following week \end{cases}$
ago $\rightarrow $ before
today $\rightarrow $ that day
tonight $\rightarrow $ that night
yesterday $\rightarrow \begin{cases}the day before \\ the previous day \end{cases} $
last week $\rightarrow \begin{cases}the week before \\ the previous week \end{cases} $
Ex: He said to me, "I and you will go with her father tomorrow"
$\rightarrow $ He told me (that) he and I would go with her father the following day.
* Note: V tường thuật thay đổi tùy nghĩa của câu. Một số tường thuật phổ biến là: tell (bảo), ask, encourage, want, advise, agree, invite, promise, wasn, order, beg, remind, said to, urge (thúc giục), command (ra lệnh), recommemd, ... + O + to V (not to V).
II- Câu tường thuật với "to infinitive" (to V)
1. Các mệnh lệnh gián tiếp khẳng định.
Ex: "Remember to finish your exercise, Tom," the teacher said.
$\rightarrow $ The teacher reminded Tom to finish his exercise.
"Open the door, please" he asked the boy.
$\rightarrow $ He asked the boy to open the door.
"Can you give me a hand?" the old man said to us.
$\rightarrow $ She old man offered us to give him a hand.
"Go on, get up and you'll feel better", the nurse encouraged me.
$\rightarrow $ She nurse encouraged me to get up and I would feel better.
"Hurry up to catch the train, we don't have much time left." he said to us.
$\rightarrow $ He urged us to hurry up to catch the train as we didn't have much time left.
2. Câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp phủ định.
Ex: They said, "Don't talk in the class."
$\rightarrow $ They told us not to talk in the class.
"Don't be late, Trang" the teacher said.
$\rightarrow $ The teacher told Trang not to be late.
3. Mốt số cấu trúc đặc biệt khác
a) Câu khuyên
advised ab to (not to) V
had better + V / not + V
should / shouldn't + V
ought to + V
Ex: "You should study harder," my mother said.
$\rightarrow $ My mother advised me to study harder
"You'd better try best to get a good job," my mother said to me.
$\rightarrow $ My mother advised me to try my best to get a good job.
b) Đề nghị, mời
$\begin{cases}offered \\ invited \end{cases}+sb\begin{cases}st \\ to do st \end{cases}$
Ex: He said," Would you like to go out for a drink?"
$\rightarrow$ He invited me to go out for a drink.
"Would you like a cup of tea?" ,she said to the boy
$\rightarrow$ She invited the boy a cup of tea.
"Jea,please?" ,she said to Tom
$\rightarrow$ She offered Tom some tea
"Will/Shall you come to my birthday party next week?",Joe said to me.
$\rightarrow$ Joe invited me to come to his birthday party the next week.
c,Yêu cầu:
ex:She said,"Can you lend me your book?"
$\rightarrow$ She asked me to lend her my book.
d, Hứa hẹn:
ex: "I will give you my book". he said
$\rightarrow$ He promissed to give her my book.
III - Câu tường thuật với gerund(V-ing)
1,Cảm ơn , xin lỗi:
ex: "It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much",Tom said to me
$\rightarrow$ John thanked me for helping him thank sb for doing st
" I'm sorry I'm late," Peter said
$\rightarrow$ Peter apologised for being late. apologise for doing st
2, Chúc mừng: Congratulate sb on doing st
ex: John said,"I heard you received the schoolarship. Congralulation!"
$\rightarrow$ Johncongratulated me on receiving the schoolarship
3,Cương quyết, khăng khăng:
ex: " I'll help you with your physics exercises," Peter said to Susan.
$\rightarrow$ Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercises
4,Cảnh báo ngăn cản: warn sb against doing,prevent sb from doing
ex:"Don't go out alone at night:, I said to Linda
$\rightarrow$ I warn Linda against going out alone at night.
"Sit here. I can't let you stand all the time," Mary said to me
$\rightarrow$ Mary prevented me from standing all the time.
5,Chấp nhận hoặc phủ nhận:
ex: "We stole his money", they said
$\rightarrow$ They admitted stealing his money
"I didn't steal his money", she said
$\rightarrow$ She dinied stealing his money.
6, Tố cáo , buộc tội accure sb of doing
ex:"You took some of my money", he said.
$\rightarrow$ He accused me of taking some of his money.
7,Mơ ước:
ex: " I want to pass the exam with flying colours," John said
$\rightarrow$ John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours.
8,Đề nghị:
ex: "Let's go out for a drink",Susan said
$\rightarrow$ Susan suggested going out for a drink.
"Shall we go to the cinema tonight?"
$\begin{cases}How about \\ what about \end{cases} + V-ing$
$\rightarrow$ How about going to the cinema...?
TÓM TẮT CÔNG THỨC:
Loại If clause Main Clause
1 V1(s/es) With/can/May....+V
2 V2/ed/were Would/could/should...+V
3 had+$V_{p_{2}}$/ed Would/could/should ....+have+ /$V_{p_{2}}$/ed
IV- Conditional in reported speech(Câu điều kiện trong lời nói gián tiếp)
1,Câu điều kiện loại 1 chuyển sang loại 2.
ex: He said," If it rain heavily , I will stay at home"
$\rightarrow$ He said (that) if rained heavily, he would stay at home.
2, Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3:Không đổi động từ
ex: She said ,"If I had enough money, I would but a new car
$\rightarrow$ She said (that) if he enough money , she would....
ex: The teacher said , "If John had studied harder,he wouldn't have failed his exam"
$\rightarrow$ The teacher said(that) if John had studied harder, he......
*Note: Khi chuyển 1 câu hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, cần chú ý vị trí của chủ ngữ , động từ và không còn dấu chấm hỏi.
ex: She asked me,"what would he do if he were a king?"
$\rightarrow$ She asked me what he would do if he were a king.
ĐẠI TỪ : ONE, ONES, SOMEONE, NO ONE, ANYONE, EVERYONE
1, One và Ones:
One: thay thế 1 danh từ đếm được số ít ( tránh lặp từ)
ex: this watch doesn't work any more, I'm going to buy a new one
Ones: số nhiều.
2, Someone, anyone, no one,everyone +Vs/es
Someone & everyone: câu khẳng định
Anyone: câu hỏi và phủ định
Sau no one: V khẳng định
ex: Someone is following me
Everyone has gone home
Can anyone answer this question?
I can't see anyone here.
* Note: Có thể dùng everyone trong câu hỏi. Khi đó người hỏi muốn đề cập đến tất cả mọi người.
ex: It's a little noisy here. can everyone hear will?